SCREEN-TIME AND INATTENTION IN PRESCHOOLERS
Title Page
ARTICLE
Background of the article
Introduction
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Research question
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KEY TERMS
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Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Discussion
conclusion
REFERENCES
Summary of Influenza season from XXXXXXXXXX
YOUR Name
COLLEGE
COURSE /YR
Professo
Outline of the Data
Summary of the Data
What is influenza?
What type of statistic?
What are the variables?
Estimates
What hypothesis does the CDC predict about the flu season?
Graphs
What does the graphs explain about the data given?
Conclusions
Does the data support the question being evaluated?
Symptoms of the flu
Treatment
Flu Vaccine
Is this an experimental or observational study?
What is the question being evaluated?
What is influenza?
Influenza also know as the flu is a contagious viral infection that attacks your respiratory system.
Infected humans can be classified into three main groups:
Influenza A
Influenza B
Influenza C
Influenza Type A can be dangerous and is known to cause out
eaks and increase your risk of disease
What are the symptoms of Influenza A?
Unlike the common cold, the flu occurs with a sudden onset of symptoms that include:
Coughing
unny or stuffy nose
sneezing
fever
Headache
Fatigue
Chills
Body aches
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Treatments for Influenza
Sometimes influezna A symptoms clear up on their own with ample rest and fluid intake
In Severe cases doctor may prescribe antiviral medication to fight the infection.
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What is the Flu Vaccine?
Flu vaccines cause antibodies to develop in the body about two weeks after vaccination
Antibodies are used to protect against the infection of the virsus
Seasonal flu vaccine protects people from the influenza virus that research shows will be the most common during the upcoming flu season
Flu vaccine is needed every season for two reasons
A person's immune protection from vaccination declines over time
Flu viruses are constantly changing
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What are we evaluating?
Influenza infection can affect millions of people every year
Hundreds of thousands of people are hospitalized
Thousands to tens of thousands of people die from flu-related causes every year
Big Picture Question:
How Effective is the flu vaccine?
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Variables being evaluated
CDC (center of disease control) uses mathematical model to estimate the numbers of influenza illness, medical visits, hospitalizations and deaths.
The CDC also uses age range to determine which age group is greatly effected by flu season.
CDC uses the estimates of the burden of influenza in the population to inform policy and communications related to influenza prevention and control
Observational study – CDC does not actively control the value of any of the variables.
CDC Observes the values as they naturally occur
CDC uses two studies: experimental and observational studies
This graph is an observational study used by the CDC
Vaccination of study subjects are not randomized
The graph is a frequency table
All the variables in this study are categorical.
data is divided into two or more categories even though they have numerical values. We are not trying to find the order in which it occu
ed but knowing how many cases occu
ed.
Symptomatic Illnesses Medical Visits Hospitalizations Deaths
Age Group Estimate 95% UI* Estimate 95% UI Estimate 95% UI Estimate 95% UI
0-4 yrs 3,678,342 (2,563,438, 7,272,693) 2,464,489 (1,695,054, 4,904,296) 25,644 (17,871, 50,702) 115 (0, 367)
5-17 yrs 7,512,601 (5,899,989, 10,199,144) 3,906,553 (3,002,375, 5,356,724) 20,599 (16,177, 27,965) 528 (205, 1,392)
18-49 yrs 14,428,065 (12,258,820, 19,396,710) 5,338,384 (4,262,260, 7,333,716) 80,985 (68,809, 108,874) 2,803 (1,610, 6,936)
50-64 yrs 13,237,932 (9,400,614, 23,062,957) 5,692,311 (3,895,925, 10,028,080) 140,385 (99,691, 244,576) 6,751 (4,244, 15,863)
65+ yrs 5,945,690 (3,907,025, 11,786,777) 3,329,586 (2,139,716, 6,623,717) 540,517 (355,184, 1,071,525) 50,903 (35,989, 83,230)
All ages 44,802,629 (39,322,959, 57,928,172) 20,731,323 (17,978,392, 27,248,302) 808,129 (620,768, 1,357,043) 61,099 (46,404, 94,987)
CDC hypothesizes
CDC estimates that the burden of illness during the XXXXXXXXXXseason was high with an estimated 45 million people getting sick with influenza. 810,000 hospitalizations and 61,000 deaths from influenza.
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the CDC uses these estimates of disease burden to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines on the population.
The Cdc estimates that flu vaccine prevented 6.2 million illnesses, 3.2 million medical visits, 91,000 hospitalizations and 5,700 deaths
Averted Illnesses Averted Medical Visits Averted Hospitalizations Averted Deaths
Age Group No. 95% UI* No. 95% UI* No. 95% UI* No. 95% UI*
0-4 yrs 1,721,215 (823,798, 3,655,558) 1,153,214 (570,764, 2,391,130) 15,139 (7,332, 31,900) 68 (0, 269)
5-17 yrs 1,151,025 (268,849, 2,246,430) 598,533 (146,717, 1,107,901) 4,275 (1,361, 7,706) 110 (25, 335)
18-49 yrs 1,044,837 (454,076, 1,782,353) 386,590 (179,669, 613,839) 6,534 (2,846, 10,932) 226 (25, 335)
50-64 yrs 1,647,176 (384,460, 3,637,231) 708,286 (175,929, 1,481,055) 16,792 (3,329, 37,941) 808 (84, 605)
65+ yrs 595,961 (0, 2,439,161) 333,738 (0, 1,291,842) 48,163 (0, 202,692) 4,536 (0, 21,015)
All ages 6,160,213 (2,076,700, 12,315,081) 3,180,360 (1,157,485, 6,071,355) 90,904 (15,986, 271,632) 5,747 (341, 23,499)
Confidence intervals
Provide context for understanding the precision or exactness of the vaccine effectiveness
The wider the interval, the less exact the point value estimate of vaccine effectiveness becomes.
For example: With a vaccine point estimate of 60%. If the confidence interval of this point estimate is between 50%-70%. Greater certainty that the true protective effect of the flu vaccine is near 60% than if the confidence interval was between 10% and 90%.
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analysis of the Graphs given
Graph Biases
Influenza vaccination coverage estimates were derived from reports by survey respondents, not vaccination records
Reports are based on telephone surveys with relatively low response rates
Estimates of the number of persons vaccinated based on these survey data have often exceeded the actual number of doses distributed
Overestimates the number of illnesses and hospitalizations that the vaccines may not have prevented
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Conclusion
Observational study compared the occu
ence of the flu illness in vaccinated people compared to unvaccinated people, based on their decision to be vaccinated or not.
Estimates of vaccine effectiveness may vary based on the outcome measured, the results should be compared between studies that used the same outcome for estimating vaccine effectiveness.
Studies show flu vaccine can reduce the risk of flu illness between 40% and 60% among the overall population