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Biology Assessment - Attached in the files is all the information

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RMIT Classification: Trusted
BIOL2173 Postgraduate Theory Assessment Information
This is a 48-hours Assessment in Week 14.
Starting Date Starting Time Closing Date Closing Time
7th June,
Tuesday
9 am 9th June,
Thursday
9 am
This final theory assessment is worth 20% of the overall mark of the
course.
Assessment Instructions:
1) Choose 2 out of 3 questions to answer within the time limit of 48
hours.
2) You need to download the attached file with assessment questions,
answer 2 questions, then upload the same file within the time limit.
3) Each question is worth 10 marks.
4) Email submissions are not accepted and will not be marked.
How To Answer the Questions:
1) In the answer sheet, you must indicate the “Question Number” and
state “the Question” you are responding to.
5) Answer this question in a form of literature review, with the following
Format: Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References list.
6) The word limit for each answer is expected to be XXXXXXXXXXwords
excluding citations, tables, figures, and references.
7) Each answer must have in-text citations and a minimum of 5 references
from peer-reviewed journals.
8) All figures and tables must be cited.
9) The format of the in-text citations and references must follow the RMIT
APA 7th edition referencing guidelines.
10) Font: Arial, size 12, with 1.5 spacing.
RMIT Classification: Trusted
An example of the Assessment Questions:
1. As a scientist within a team to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, your
task is to develop a vaccine using either traditional vaccine strategies; or
novel new molecular methods, keeping in mind the emergence of new
variants and the efficiency of the developed vaccine towards a variant
which may have more than one mutant.
START WRITING THE ANSWER HERE……

BIOL2173 Open book online exam XXXXXXXXXXRMIT Classification: Trusted
BIOL2173 Postgraduate Theory Assessment paper, S 1, 2022
Assessment Instructions:
1) Choose 2 questions to answer within the time limit of 48 hours.
2) You need to download the assessment file, answer the 2 selected questions, then upload the same file within the time limit. 
3) In the answer sheet, you must indicate the “Question Number” and “the Question’s topic”.
4) Answer this question in a literature review style:
Format: Introduction, Body, Conclusion, Reference list.
5) The word limit for each answer is expected to be XXXXXXXXXXwords excluding citations, tables, figure, and references.
6) Each answer must have in-text citations and a minimum 5 references from peer-reviewed journals.
7) All figures and tables must be cited.
8) The format of the in-text citations and references must follow the RMIT APA 7th edition referencing guidelines.
9) Font: Arial, size is 12, with 1.5 spacing.
Assessment Questions
1. A mutant you made in the laboratory with 5-
omouracil suddenly regains the wild-type phenotype. You discuss this phenomenon with your advisor and colleagues, and they suggest you try transposon mutagenesis to avoid this problem and create stable mutants. Why is it important to create microbial mutants in research? i.e. what are mutants from wild type used for? Explain the procedure to create mutants in bacteria, AND discuss why would mutants created with 5-
omouracil be more likely to regain the wild-type phenotype than mutants created via transposon mutagenesis?
2. Antibiotic resistance is a major healthcare problem, with some microbes developing resistance to most known antibiotics. How can microbes develop resistance against cu
ently used antibiotics? Discuss two potential mechanisms for developing antibiotic resistance AND identify potential approaches to overcome it? Support your answer with examples and cited references.
3. Some residential human oral bacteria may cause opportunistic infections in other body systems. Discuss the potential of residential microbes to develop into opportunistic pathogens, why? Where? When? And give an example on an oral Gram-negative bacterium that has the potential to cause opportunistic infections in patients who are diagnosed with inflammatory Bowel Diseases, supporting your answer with cited evidence from the literature.
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Answered Same Day Jun 08, 2022

Solution

P answered on Jun 09 2022
95 Votes
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are the anti-bacterial medication which are cu
ently being used to treat several infections (Gelman et.al., 2018). But, the overuse of the antibiotics is one of the life-threatening programs across the globe. This is due to the antibiotic resistance of the microbes. Different bacteria show antibiotic resistance to various drugs (Singh et.al., 20202). This problem not only increases the mo
idity but also the heath care burden across the globe.
The mechanisms by which the bacteria acquire the resistance to the antibiotics are:
1. The antibiotic resistance can be either because the organism got mutated due to adaption to the resistance gene in the plasmid or because of the complete chromosome mutations (Zhu et.al., 2022).
2. The bacteria use the mechanism of the drug efflux pump expression in which the drugs from the cytoplasm are expelled by which the drug effect. The transcription regulator involved in the drug efflux pump expression is CpxR identified in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Impey et.al., 2020).
3. Mutations contributing to the changes in both the transcriptome and proteome leads to the evolution of the multi-drug resistance bacteria (Xu et.al., 2022).
4. In some microbes like Streptococcus pneumonia the intra-cellular enzyme inhibits the drug activity and this enzyme is also one of the reasons for the anti-microbial resistance (Moo et.al., 2020).
5. Conjugative plasmid transfer of the antibiotic genes between the bacteria and the stabilization of the plasmid stabilization with the evolution has led to...
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